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Mechanical Properties:

What does flexural modulus tell you?

Flexural modulus, also known as the bending modulus describes a material’sability to resist bending deformation when a force is applied to it. So a higher flexural modulus means a material is pretty stiff in bending, and vice versa. 

What does flexural strength tell you?

Flexural strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand when subjected to bending before it breaks, making it a crucial property in structural applications.

What does Tensile Modulus tell you?

Tensile modulus, also known as Young's modulus, is a measure of a material's stiffness when subjected to tensile forces. It is defined as the ratio of stress to strain in a tensile test, where a specimen is loaded in tension until it reaches its elastic limit. Tensile modulus is commonly used to characterize the stiffness of materials that are subjected to tensile loads, such as wires, cables, and other components that experience tension. One of the key advantages of tensile modulus is that it provides information about a material's resistance to stretching deformation, which is important for applications where materials are subjected to tensile loads e.g. aerospace industry.

Flexural Modulus vs. Tensile Modulus

Flexural modulus measures a material's resistance to bending, while tensile modulus measures its resistance to stretching,both are crucial for understanding material stiffness and behavior under different loads. In general, flexural modulus tends to be higher than tensile modulus for most materials, as materials are typically stronger in compression.

What does Impact Strength tell you?

Impact strength is a measure of the ability of a material to resist fracture under shock and impulse loading. It is only applicable to materials that undergo brittle fracture.
The Charpy test is less commonly used than the IZOD test to measure it. 

Most 3D-printed plastics display considerably lower impact strength than a molded or machined block of the same material. This is a function of the anisotropic properties of the construction methods used for 3D printing and can relate significantly to the build orientation. For example, FDM parts offer generally better inter-layer bonding than they do intra-layer, so the models have a reasonable degree of strength in the X-Y plane of the build but are very much weaker along the Z axis.

What does Yielding tell you?

Yielding is a feature of elastic materials that reach their elastic limit and then undergo plastic distortion. When experiencing forces below the yield point, the material will return to the original shape/dimensions when the force is released. On the other hand, when the yield point or yield strength is exceeded, the material will undergo some plastic (i.e. permanent deformation).

Other Properties:

What does HDT tell you?

Heat distortion temperature / heat deflection temperature (HDT) is the temperature at which a polymer orplastic begins to deform under a specified load, indicating its thermal stability and suitability for high-temperature applications.

The Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) and Heat Block Temperature (HBT) are two distinct properties of polymers that are often used interchangeably in technical data sheets. However, they represent different aspects of a polymer's performance under heat and load conditions.

HDT: Measures the temperature at which a polymer sample deforms under a specified load, typically 0.25 mm deflection. It is determined by ASTM D648 and is used to assess the material's resistance to distortion at elevated temperatures. 
HBT: Refers to the temperature at which a polymer block begins to soften and deform under heat. It is a measure of the material's ability to withstand heat without losing its structural integrity. 
While both properties are important for material selection, HDT is more focused on the material's ability to maintain its shape and structural integrity under load, whereas HBT focuses on the material's ability to withstand heat without softening. Understanding the difference between HDT and HBT is crucial for engineers and designers when selecting materials for applications that involve heat and load conditions.

What does Flammability tell you?

Flammability is the measure of how quickly a material can catch on fire when exposed to an ignition source. It’s an important concept to understand, especially if you work with combustible materials in any capacity. 

UL 94, the Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances testing, is a plastics flammability standard released by Underwriters Laboratories of the United States. The standard determines the material's tendency to either extinguish or spread the flame once the specimen has been ignited. UL94 is now harmonized with IEC 60695-11-10 and 60695-11-20 and ISO 9772 and 9773.

The VW-1 (vertical wire burn) rating is sometimes erroneously associated with UL 94, but it (and some other flammability tests) is described by UL 1581 (Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords).

Classifications
From lowest (Least flame-retardant) to highest (Most flame-retardant):

HB (Horizontal Burn): slow burning on a horizontal specimen; burning rate < 76 mm/min for thickness < 3 mm or burning stops before 100 mm. (The burning rate is less than 3'/min or stops burning before the 5” mark. HB rated materials are considered "self-extinguishing".)[3]
V-2 (Vertical Burn): burning stops within 30 seconds on a vertical specimen; drips of flaming particles are allowed.
V-1 (Vertical Burn): burning stops within 30 seconds on a vertical specimen; drips of particles allowed as long as they are not inflamed.
V-0 (Vertical Burn): burning stops within 10 seconds on a vertical specimen; drips of particles allowed as long as they are not inflamed.
5VB (Surface Burn): burning stops within 60 seconds on a vertical specimen; no drips allowed; plaque specimens may have a burn-through (a hole).
5VA (Surface Burn): burning stops within 60 seconds on a vertical specimen; no drips allowed; plaque specimens may not have a burn-through (no hole).

What does ESD tell you as filament property?

What is ESD normally?
ESD occurs when there is a sudden transfer of electric charge between two objects, often resulting in a visible spark. This phenomenon can happen in everyday situations, such as touching a doorknob after walking on a carpet, but in industrial settings, it can lead to severe consequences, including damage to sensitive electronic devices and systems.

ESD filaments are 3D printing materials designed to prevent or dissipate electrostatic discharge, protecting sensitive electronics and components during printing and use.

What Are ESD Filaments?

ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) filaments are specialized 3D printing materials that incorporate conductive additives, such as carbon nanotubes or graphene, to control static electricity buildup. These filaments have low surface resistivity, allowing them to safely dissipate electrostatic charges, which is critical when printing parts for electronics, sensors, or other ESD-sensitive environments. 
ESD filaments provide a reliable solution for printing components that must remain safe from electrostatic discharge, combining functional durability with electrical safety for sensitive applications.